Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir (January 12 January 12 is the 12th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 353 days remaining until the end of the year, 1822 Year 1822 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar) - August 4 August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 149 days remaining until the end of the year, 1900 Year 1900 was an exceptional common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar, but a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. As a result, the Julian calendar was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar until Wednesday, February 28 (O.S. February 16) and has been 13 days behind since) was a Belgian The Kingdom of Belgium /ˈbɛldʒəm/ is a country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters, as well as those of other major international organizations, including NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi) and has a population of about 10.7 million engineer.
He was born in Mussy-la-Ville (then in Luxembourg Luxembourg /ˈlʌksəmbɝɡ/ GA: ˈləksɪmbɚg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg), is a small, landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. Luxembourg has a population of under half a, part of Belgium The Kingdom of Belgium /ˈbɛldʒəm/ is a country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters, as well as those of other major international organizations, including NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi) and has a population of about 10.7 million from 1839). By the early 1850s he had emigrated to France, taking up residence in Paris Paris (pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ or /ˈpɛrəs/ in English; [paʁi] in French) is the capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (also known as the "Paris Region"; French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its limits largely, where he developed an interest in electroplating Electroplating is a plating process that uses electrical current to reduce cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object with a thin layer of the material, such as a metal. Electroplating is primarily used for depositing a layer of material to bestow a desired property (e.g., abrasion and wear resistance, corrosion. His interest in the subject led him to make electrical inventions including an improved electric telegraph The electrical telegraph is a telegraph that uses electric signals. The electromagnetic telegraph is a device for human-to-human transmission of coded text messages over wire.
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Lenoir engine
Lenoir motor in the Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris. Lenoir gas engine 1860.jpg.By 1859, Lenoir's experimentation with electricity led him to develop the first internal combustion engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidiser in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases, that are produced by the combustion, directly apply force to a movable component of the engine, such as the pistons or turbine, a single-cylinder two-stroke engine A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine which completes the thermodynamic cycle in two movements of the piston . This increased efficiency is accomplished by using the beginning of the compression stroke and the end of the combustion stroke to perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions. In this way two- which burnt a mixture of coal gas Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. Town gas is a more general term referring to manufactured gaseous fuels produced for sale to consumers and municipalities. It is also known as manufactured gas, syngas , hygas, and producer gas in some countries. In the days of gas and air The Earth's atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by the Earth's gravity. It has a mass of about five quadrillion metric tons. Dry air contains roughly 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount of water vapor, on ignited by a "jumping spark" ignition system An ignition system is a system for igniting a fuel-air mixture. It is best known in the field of internal combustion engines but also has other applications, e.g. in oil-fired and gas-fired boilers. The earliest internal combustion engines used a flame, or a heated tube, for ignition but these were quickly replaced by systems using an electric by Ruhmkorff coil An induction coil or "spark coil" is a type of disruptive discharge coil. It is a type of electrical transformer used to produce high-voltage pulses from a low-voltage DC supply. To create the flux changes necessary to induce voltage in the secondary, the DC current in the primary is repeatedly interrupted by a vibrating mechanical,[1] and which he patented in 1860. The engine differed from more modern two-stroke engines in that the charge was not compressed before ignition (a system invented in 1801 by Lebon D'Humberstein,[2] which was quiet but inefficient),[3] with a power stroke at each end of the cylinder.[4] In 1863 the Hippomobile The Hippomobile is an automobile invented by Étienne Lenoir in 1863 which carried its own internal combustion engine. It was based on his 1860 invention the Lenoir gas engine. Lenoir sold about 350 to 400 Hippomobiles with a hydrogen gas Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element fuelled one cylinder internal combustion engine made a test drive from Paris Paris (pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ or /ˈpɛrəs/ in English; [paʁi] in French) is the capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (also known as the "Paris Region"; French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its limits largely to Joinville-le-Pont Joinville-le-Pont is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.4 km . (5.8 miles) from the center of Paris: top speed about 9 km in ~3 hours[5].
Lenoir was an engineer at petiene et Cie,[3] who formed companies (Société des Moteurs Lenoir+ more)[3] in Paris in 1859,[3] with a capitalization of two million francs The franc is a former currency of France. Between 1360 and 1641, it was the name of coins worth 1 livre tournois and it remained in common parlance as a term for this amount of money. It was re-introduced (in decimal form) in 1795 and remained the national currency until the introduction of the euro in 1999 (for accounting purposes) and 2002 ( and a factory in the Rue de la Roquette,[3] to develop the engine, and a three-wheeled carriage constructed using it. Although it ran reasonably well, the engine was fuel inefficient, extremely noisy, tended to overheat and, if sufficient cooling water was not applied, seize up. Nevertheless, Scientific American Scientific American is a popular science magazine, one of the oldest and most prestigious, published (first weekly and later monthly) since August 28, 1845, making it the oldest continuously published magazine in the United States. It brings articles about new and innovative research to the amateur and lay audience advised in September 1860 the Parisian newspaper Cosmos had pronounced the steam age over,[6] and by 1865, 143 had been sold in in Paris alone,[7] and production by Reading Gas Works for Lenoir Gas Engines in London London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has been an influential city for two millennia and its history goes back to its founding by the Romans. The city's core, the ancient City of London, still retains its limited medieval boundaries. However, since at least the nineteenth century, the name "London" has also referred had begun.[7]
In 1863 Lenoir demonstrated a second three-wheeled carriage, little more than a wagon body set atop a tricycle platform.[3] It was powered by a 2543 cc (155 in3; 180×100 mm, 7.1×3.9in)[7] 1.5 hp "liquid hydrocarbon" (petroleum Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds) engine with a primitive carburettor A carburetor or carburettor (Commonwealth spelling), is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. It was invented by Karl Benz before 1885 and patented in 1886. It is colloquially called a carb (in North America and the United Kingdom) or carby (chiefly in Australia).[citations needed] which successfully covered the 11 km (7 mi) from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont Joinville-le-Pont is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 9.4 km . (5.8 miles) from the center of Paris and back in about ninety minutes each way,[8] an average speed less than that of a walking man (though doubtless there were breakdowns).[7] This succeeded in attracting the attention of tsar Tsar or czar (Bulgarian цар, Russian: царь , Ukrainian: цар, in Serbian: цар / car, in scientific transliteration respectively car' and car), occasionally spelled csar or tzar in English, is a Slavic term with Bulgarian origins used to designate certain monarchs. The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria Alexander II Alexander II Nikolaevich (Russian: Александр II Николаевич, Aleksandr II Nikolaevich) (Moscow, 29 April 1818 – 13 March 1881 in St. Petersburg), also known as Alexander the Liberator (Russian: Александр Освободитель, Aleksandr Osvoboditel') was the Emperor of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his, and one was sent to Russia, where it vanished.[8] (Lenoir himself was not pleased, however; in 1863, he sold his patents to Compagnie Parisienne du Gaz[3] and turned to motorboats An outboard motor is installed on the rear of a boat and contains the internal combustion engine, the gearbox, and the propeller, instead,[7] building a naptha-fuelled four-cycle in 1888.)[3]
Most applications of the Lenoir engine were as a stationary power plant powering printing presses, water pumps, and machine tools. They "proved to be rough and noisy after prolonged use",[7] however. Other engineers, especially Nikolaus Otto Nikolaus August Otto was the German inventor of the first internal-combustion engine to efficiently burn fuel directly in a piston chamber. Although other internal combustion engines had been invented (e.g. by Étienne Lenoir) these were not based on four separate strokes. The concept of four strokes is likely to have been around at the time of, began making improvements in internal combustion technology which soon rendered the Lenoir design obsolete. Less than 500 Lenoir engines of between 6 and 20 hp were built, including some under licence in Germany.[3]
Granted French citizenship 1870 for assistance during the Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the,[4] and awarded the Légion d'honneur The Légion d'honneur or Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur is a French order established by Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul of the First Republic, on May 19, 1802. The Order is the highest decoration in France and is divided into five various degrees: Chevalier (Knight), Officier (Officer), Commandeur (Commander), Grand Officier (Grand in 1881 (ironically, not for inventing the automobile, but for developments in telegraphy Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters. It is a compound term formed from the Greek words tele = far and graphein (γραφειν) = write. Radiotelegraphy or wireless telegraphy transmits messages using radio. Telegraphy includes recent forms of data transmission such as fax, email,),[4] Lenoir's later years were impoverished despite his engine's success.[4]
Lenoir died in at La Varenne-Sainte-Hilaire on 4 August 1900.[4]
References
Lenoir hippomobile The Hippomobile is an automobile invented by Étienne Lenoir in 1863 which carried its own internal combustion engine. It was based on his 1860 invention the Lenoir gas engine. Lenoir sold about 350 to 400 Hippomobiles (1860).Notes
- ^ Georgano, G.N. Cars: Early and Vintage 1886-1930 (London: Grange-Universal, 1990), p.9.
- ^ Wise, David Burgess, "Lenoir: The Motoring Pioneer" in Ward, Ian, executive editor. The World of Automobiles (London: Orbis Publishing, 1974), p.1181.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wise, p.1181.
- ^ a b c d e Wise, p.1182.
- ^ Hippomobile
- ^ Scientific American: p193, 1860-09-22
- ^ a b c d e f Georgano, p.9.
- ^ a b Georgano, p.9; Wise, p.1181.
Sources
- Georgano, G.N. Cars: Early and Vintage 1886-1930. London: Grange-Universal, 1990 (reprints AB Nordbok 1985 edition). ISBN 0-9509620-3-1.
- Wise, David Burgess, "Lenoir: The Motoring Pioneer" in Ward, Ian, executive editor. The World of Automobiles, p.1181-2. London: Orbis Publishing, 1974.
See also
- Lenoir cycle The Lenoir cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle often used to model a pulse jet engine. It is based on the operation of an engine patented by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir in 1860. This engine is often thought of as the first commercially produced internal combustion engine. The absence of any compression process in the design leads to lower
- History of the internal combustion engine Although various forms of internal combustion engines were developed before the 1800s, application was hindered until the commercial drilling and production of petroleum began in the mid-1850s. By the late 1800s, engineering advances led to widespread adoption in a variety of applications
- Timeline of hydrogen technologies Timeline of hydrogen technologies A timeline of the history of hydrogen technology
External links
Categories: 1822 births | 1900 deaths Categories: 1900 | 1900s deaths | 19th-century deaths | French engineers | Belgian engineers | Belgian inventors | French inventors | Automotive pioneers
abdelilah
ue, 21 Apr 2009 14:08:00 GM
In 1860, Jean Joseph . Etienne Lenoir. , a Frenchman, built the first successful two-stroke gas driven engine. Two years later, he again built an experimental vehicle by his gas-engine, which ran at a speed of 3 kms/hour and drove it from ...
