A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidiser in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases, that are produced by the combustion, directly apply force to a movable component of the engine, such as the pistons or turbine which completes the thermodynamic cycle A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes transferring heat and work, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables, eventually returning a system to its initial state. State Properties depend only on the thermodynamic state and cumulative variation of such properties add up to zero. Path Quantities, such as in two movements of the piston (compared to twice that number for a four-stroke engine Today, internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles, aircraft, construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-stroke cycle. The four strokes refer to intake, compression, combustion , and exhaust strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per working cycle of the Gasoline engine and Diesel engine). This increased efficiency is accomplished by using the beginning of the compression stroke and the end of the combustion stroke to perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or scavenging Scavenging is the process of pushing exhausted gas-charge out of the cylinder and drawing in a fresh draught of air ready for the next cycle in automotive usage. This process is essential in having a smooth-running internal combustion engine. Modifying the exhaust system, can detract from the "ideal" scavenging effects, and reduce fuel) functions. In this way two-stroke engines often provide strikingly high specific power In engineering, the term specific power can refer to power either per unit of mass, volume or area, although power per unit of volume is more formally known as power density, and power per unit area as surface power density. The following sections give several examples of where these terms are used. Petrol (spark ignition The term spark-ignition engine is normally used to refer to internal combustion engines where the fuel-air mixture is ignited with a spark. The term contrasts with compression-ignition engines, where the heat from compression alone ignites the mixture) versions are particularly useful in lightweight (portable) applications such as chainsaws and the concept is also used in diesel compression ignition A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which operates using the diesel cycle . Diesel engines have the highest thermal efficiency[citation needed] of any internal or external combustion engine, because of their compression ratio engines in large and non-weight sensitive applications such as ships and locomotives.

Invention of the two-stroke cycle is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk Sir Dugald Clerk was a Scottish engineer who designed the first two-stroke engine in 1878 and patented it in England in 1881 who in 1881 patented his design, his engine having a separate charging cylinder. The crankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a charging pump, is generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day Joseph Day trained as an engineer at the School of Practical Engineering at Crystal Palace in London, began work at Stothert & Pitt in Bath, and in 1889 designed the two-stroke engine as it is widely-known today (in contrast to the two-stroke engine designed by Dugald Clark), the Valve-less Two-Stroke Engine. In 1878 he started his own (and Frederick Cock for the piston-controlled inlet port).

Contents

Applications

A two-stroke minibike.

The two-stroke was popular throughout most of the 20th century in motorcycles, small motorized devices such as chainsaws A chainsaw is a portable mechanical, motorized saw. It is used in logging activities such as felling, limbing, and bucking, by tree surgeons to fell trees and remove branches and foliage, to fell snags and assist in cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and to harvest firewood. Chainsaws with specially designed bar and chain and outboard motors An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom. They are the most common motorized method of propelling small watercraft. As well as providing propulsion, outboards provide steering control, as and some cars. This was due to their simple design (and resulting low cost) and higher power-to-weight ratios Power-to-weight ratio is a calculation commonly applied to engines and mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another. Power-to-weight ratio is a measurement of actual performance of any engine or power sources. It is also used a measure of performance of a vehicle as a whole, with the engine's power output being. Most designs used total-loss lubrication, with the oil being burnt in the combustion chamber, causing visible and other pollution. This is the major reason for two-stroke engines being replaced with four-stroke engines in most applications. Two-stroke engines are commonly used in high-power, handheld applications such as string trimmers A string trimmer, also called a line trimmer, Weedeater , Weedwhacker (a brandname) or weed wacker, Weed Whip, weedy, whipper snipper, garden strimmer or Trimmer is a powered handheld device that uses a flexible monofilament line instead of a blade for cutting grass and other plants near objects. It consists of a cutting head at the end of a long and chainsaws A chainsaw is a portable mechanical, motorized saw. It is used in logging activities such as felling, limbing, and bucking, by tree surgeons to fell trees and remove branches and foliage, to fell snags and assist in cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and to harvest firewood. Chainsaws with specially designed bar and chain. The light overall weight, and light-weight spinning parts give important operational and even safety advantages. Only a two-stroke running on a "petroil" mixture can power a chainsaw A chainsaw is a portable mechanical, motorized saw. It is used in logging activities such as felling, limbing, and bucking, by tree surgeons to fell trees and remove branches and foliage, to fell snags and assist in cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and to harvest firewood. Chainsaws with specially designed bar and chain running in any position.

To a lesser extent, these engines may still be used for small, portable, or specialized machine applications such as outboard motors An outboard motor is a propulsion system for boats, consisting of a self-contained unit that includes engine, gearbox and propeller or jet drive, designed to be affixed to the outside of the transom. They are the most common motorized method of propelling small watercraft. As well as providing propulsion, outboards provide steering control, as, high-performance, small-capacity motorcycles A motorcycle is a single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road conditions. Being the most affordable form of motorised transport, in some parts of the world they are, mopeds Mopeds are a type of low-powered motorcycle with pedals, designed to provide economical and relatively safe transport with minimal licensing requirements. Traditionally, mopeds are equipped with bicycle-like pedals , but moped is sometimes applied by governments to vehicles without pedals, based on their similar engine displacement, speed, and/or, underbones An underbone, or underbone motorcycle, is a small motorcycle built on a frame consisting mostly of one large diameter tubular component. The design is sometimes known as a "step-through" in the West. Although the fuel tank position, the open-frame design which the fuel tank position allows, and the splash guards give the underbone an, scooters A scooter is a motorcycle with step-through architecture and either a platform for the operator's feet or footrests integral with the bodywork. Elements of scooter design have been noted in some of the earliest motorcycles, and motorcycles identifiable as scooters have been made from 1914 or earlier. Regional developments were made in Europe and, tuk-tuks An auto rickshaw or three-wheelers is a motor vehicle that is one of the chief modes of transport across many parts of South and East Asia, especially as a vehicle for hire. It is a motorized version of the traditional rickshaw or velotaxi, a small three-wheeled cart driven by a person, and is related to the cabin cycle, snowmobiles A snowmobile, also known in some places as a snowmachine, sled, or skimobile , is a land vehicle for travel on snow that is commonly propelled by a continuous track or tracks at the rear and steered by skis at the front, karts Kart racing or karting is a variant of open-wheel motor sport with simple, small four-wheeled vehicles called karts, go-karts, or gearbox/shifter karts depending on the design. They are usually raced on scaled-down circuits. Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher and more expensive ranks of motorsports, ultralights During the late 1970s and early 1980s, many people sought to be able to fly affordably. As a result, many aviation authorities set up definitions of lightweight, slow-flying aeroplanes that could be subject to minimum regulation. The resulting aeroplanes are commonly called ultralight or microlight, although the weight and speed limits differ from, model airplanes Model aircraft are flying or non-flying models of existing or imaginary aircraft, often scaled down versions of full size planes, using materials such as balsa wood, foam and fiberglass. Designs range from simple gliders, to accurate scale models, some of which can be very large (and other model vehicles) and lawnmowers Lawn mowers employing a blade that rotates about a vertical axis are known as rotary mowers, while those employing a blade assembly that rotates about a horizontal axis are known as cylinder or reel mowers. The two-stroke cycle is used in many diesel engines A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. This is in contrast to a petrol engine or gas engine, which uses the Otto cycle, in which a fuel/air mixture is ignited by a spark plug, most notably large industrial and marine engines, as well as some trucks and heavy machinery.

A number of main-stream automobile An automobile or motor car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport manufacturers have used two-stroke engines in the past, including the Swedish Saab "Svenska Aeroplan AB " (Swedish for "Swedish Aeroplane Limited") (SAAB) was founded in 1937 in Trollhättan, with the merger of SAAB and Linköping based ASJA. The headquarters moved to Linköping. The style "Saab" replaced "SAAB" around 1950 and German manufacturers DKW Dampf-Kraft-Wagen or DKW is an historic car and motorcycle marque. In 1916, the Danish engineer Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen founded a factory in Saxony, Germany, to produce steam fittings. In the same year, he attempted to produce a steam-driven car, called the DKW. Although unsuccessful, he made a two-stroke toy engine in 1919, called Des Knaben and Auto-Union Auto Union was an amalgamation of four German automobile manufacturers, established in 1932 in Chemnitz, Saxony, during the Great Depression. The company has evolved into present day Audi, as a subsidiary of Volkswagen Group. The Japanese manufacturer Suzuki Suzuki Motor Corporation is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Hamamatsu, Japan that specializes in manufacturing compact automobiles, a full range of motorcycles, All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs), outboard marine engines, wheelchairs and a variety of other small internal combustion engines. Suzuki is the 12th largest automobile did the same in the 1970s.[1] Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1960s in the West The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ); French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN)), also called "the (North) Atlantic Alliance", is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of, but Eastern Bloc Communist governments were initially installed in a Bloc politics process that included extensive political and media controls, along with a Soviet approach to restricting emigration. Events such as the Tito-Stalin split and Berlin Blockade prompted stricter control. While the Bloc persisted through revolts, such as the Hungarian Revolution and countries continued until around 1991, with the Trabant The Trabant is an automobile produced by former East German auto maker VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau in Zwickau, Sachsen. It was the most common vehicle in East Germany, and was also exported to countries both inside and outside the communist bloc. The main selling points were that it had room for four adults and luggage, and was compact, and Wartburg The name "Wartburg" derives from Wartburg Castle on one of the hills overlooking the town of Eisenach where the cars were manufactured in East Germany The German Democratic Republic was a self-declared socialist state (but often referred to in the West as a "communist state") in the Eastern Bloc created in the Soviet Zone of occupied Germany and the Soviet sector of occupied Berlin. The German Democratic Republic existed from 7 October 1949 until 3 October 1990, when its re-established and Syrena in Poland Poland /ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total. Lotus Lotus Cars is a British manufacturer of sports and racing cars based at Hethel, Norfolk, England. The company designs and builds race and production automobiles of light weight and high handling characteristics of Norfolk, UK, has a prototype direct-injection two-stroke engine intended for alcohol fuels called the Omnivore Omnivores are species that eat both plants and animals as their primary food source. They are opportunistic, general feeders not specifically adapted to eat and digest either meat or plant material exclusively. Pigs are one well-known example of an omnivore. Crows are another example of an omnivore that many people see every day. Humans are also[2][3] which it is demonstrating in a version of the Exige.[4]

Different two-stroke design types

A two-stroke engine, in this case with a tuned expansion pipe illustrating the effect of a reflected pressure wave on the fuel charge. This feature is essential for maximum charge pressure (volumetric efficiency Volumetric efficiency in internal combustion engine design refers to the efficiency with which the engine can move the charge into and out of the cylinders. More correctly, volumetric efficiency is a ratio of what volume of fuel and air actually enters the cylinder during induction to the actual capacity of the cylinder under static conditions) and fuel efficiency. It is used on most high-performance engine designs. A Cox Cox Models, a division of Estes Industries of Penrose, Colorado, USA, is a multimillion-dollar hobby company, is one of the hobby industry's oldest companies and is famous for their line of miniature model engines Baby Bee 0.049 cubic inch (0.8 cubic cm.) reed valve engine disassembled. It uses glow plug ignition. The weight is 64 grams.

Although the principles remain the same, the mechanical details of various two-stroke engines differ depending on the type. The design types of the two-stroke engine vary according to the method of introducing the charge to the cylinder, the method of scavenging the cylinder A cylinder is the central working part of a reciprocating engine, the space in which a piston travels. Multiple cylinders are commonly arranged side by side in a bank, or engine block, which is typically cast from aluminum or cast iron before precision features are machined into it. The cylinders may then be lined with sleeves or liners of some (exchanging burnt exhaust for fresh mixture) and the method of exhausting the cylinder.

Piston controlled inlet port

Piston A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, pumps and gas compressors. It is located in a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from port is the simplest of the designs. All functions are controlled solely by the piston covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up and down in the cylinder. A fundamental difference from typical four-stroke engines is that the crankcase In an internal combustion engine, the crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft. The enclosure forms the largest cavity in the engine and is located below the cylinder block is sealed and forms part of the induction process in gasoline and hot bulb engines The hotbulb, or hot bulb engine or heavy oil engine is a type of internal combustion engine. It is an engine in which fuel is ignited by being brought into contact with a red hot metal surface inside a bulb. Most hot bulb engines were produced as one cylinder low speed two stroke crankcase scavenging units. Diesel engines have mostly a roots blower The Roots type supercharger or Roots blower is a positive displacement pump which operates by pulling air through a pair of meshing lobes not unlike a set of stretched gears. Air is trapped in pockets surrounding the lobes and carried from the intake side to the exhaust. The supercharger is driven directly from the engine's crankshaft via a belt or piston pump for scavinging.

Reed inlet valve

Main article: Reed valve Reed-valves, normally a leather flap covering a hole, are amongst the earliest form of automatic flow control for liquids and gases. They have been used for thousands of years in water pumps and for hundreds of years in bellows for high-temperature forges and musical instruments such as church organs and accordions. Earlier still, heart valves

The reed valve is a simple but highly effective form of check valve A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a mechanical device, a valve, which normally allows fluid to flow through it in only one direction. Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other for fluid to leave. There are various types of check valves used in a commonly fitted in the intake tract of the piston-controlled port. They allow asymmetric intake of the fuel-charge, improving power and economy, while widening the power band. They are widely used in ATVs, and marine outboard engines.

Rotary inlet valve

The intake pathway is opened and closed by a rotating member. A familiar type sometimes seen on small motorcycles is a slotted disk attached to the crankshaft The crankshaft, sometimes casually abbreviated to crank, is the part of an engine which translates reciprocating linear piston motion into rotation. To convert the reciprocating motion into rotation, the crankshaft has "crank throws" or "crankpins", additional bearing surfaces whose axis is offset from that of the crank, to which covers and uncovers an opening in the end of the crankcase, allowing charge to enter during one portion of the cycle.

Another form of rotary inlet valve used on two-stroke engines employs two cylindrical members with suitable cutouts arranged to rotate one within the other - the inlet pipe having passage to the crankcase only when the two cutouts coincide. The crankshaft itself may form one of the members, as in most Glowplug model engines. In another embodiment, the crank disc is arranged to be a close-clearance fit in the crankcase and is provided with a cutout which lines up with an inlet passage in the crankcase wall at the appropriate time, as in the Vespa motor scooter.

The advantage of a rotary valve is that it enables the two-stroke engine's intake timing to be asymmetrical which is not possible with two-stroke piston port type engines. The two-stroke piston port type engine's intake timing opens and closes before and after top dead center at the same crank angle making it symmetrical whereas the rotary valve allows the opening to begin earlier and close earlier.

Rotary valve engines can be tailored to deliver power over a wider speed range or higher power over a narrower speed range than either piston port or reed valve engine. Where a portion of the rotary-valve is a portion of the crankcase itself it is particularly important that no wear is allowed to take place.

Crossflow-scavenged

In a crossflow engine the transfer ports and exhaust ports are on opposite sides of the cylinder and a deflector on the top of the piston directs the fresh intake charge into the upper part of the cylinder pushing the residual exhaust gas down the other side of the deflector and out of the exhaust port. The deflector increases piston's weight and its exposed surface area, and also makes it difficult to achieve an efficient combustion chamber shape. This design has been largely superseded by loop scavenging method (below), although for smaller or slower engines the crossflow-scavenged design can be an acceptable approach.

Loop-scavenged

Main article: Schneurle porting

This method of scavenging uses carefully shaped and positioned transfer ports to direct the flow of fresh mixture toward the combustion chamber as it enters the cylinder. The fuel air mixture strikes the cylinder head then follows the curvature of the combustion chamber then is deflected downward. This not only prevents the fuel/air mixture travelling directly out the exhaust port but creates a swirling turbulence which improves combustion efficiency, power and economy. Usually a piston deflector is not required, so this approach has a distinct advantage over the cross flow scheme (above). Often referred to as "Schnuerle" (or "Schnürl") loop scavenging after the German inventor of an early form in the mid 1920s, it became widely adopted in that country during the 1930s and spread further afield after World War II. Loop scavenging is the most common type of fuel/air mixture transfer used on modern two stroke engines. Suzuki was one of the first manufacturers outside of Europe to adopt loop scavenged two stroke engines. This operational feature was used in conjunction with the expansion chamber exhaust developed by German motorcycle manufacturer, MZ and Walter Kaaden. Loop scavenging, disc valves and expansion chambers worked in a highly coordinated way that saw a significant increase in the power output of two-stroke engines, particularly from the Japanese manufacturers Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki. Suzuki and Yamaha enjoyed success in grand Prix motorcycle racing in the 1960's due in no small way to the increased power afforded by loop scavenging. An additional benefit of loop scavenging was that the piston could be made nearly flat or slightly dome shaped. This enabled the piston to be appreciably lighter and stronger and consequently tolerated higher engine speeds. The "flat top" piston also has better thermal properties and is less prone to uneven heating, expansion, piston seizures, dimensional changes and compression losses..

Uniflow-scavenged

In a uniflow engine the mixture, or air in the case of a diesel, enters at one end of the cylinder controlled by the piston and the exhaust exits at the other end controlled by an exhaust valve or piston . The scavenging gas-flow is therefore in one direction only, hence the name uniflow. The valved arrangement is common in diesel locomotives (Electro-Motive Diesel) and large marine two-stroke engines(Wärtsilä). Ported types are represented by the opposed piston design in which there are two pistons in each cylinder, working in opposite directions such as the Junkers Jumo and Napier Deltic.[5] The unusual twingle design also falls into this class being effectively a folded uniflow. With advanced angle exhaust timing uniflow engines can be supercharged with a crankshaft driven ( piston [6] or Roots ) blower.

Stepped Piston Engine

The piston of this engine is "top-hat" shaped, the upper section forming the regular cylinder. and the lower section performing a scavenging function. The units run in pairs, the lower half of one piston charging an adjacent combustion chamber.

This system is still partially dependent on total loss lubrication (for the upper part of the piston), the other parts being sump lubricated with cleanliness and reliability benefits. The piston weight is only about 20% heavier than a loop-scavenged piston because skirt thicknesses can be less. The patents on this design are held by Bernard Hooper Engineering Ltd (BHE).[7]

Power valve systems

Main article: 2-stroke power valve system

Many modern two-stroke engines employ a power valve system. The valves are normally in or around the exhaust ports. They work in one of two ways, either they alter the exhaust port by closing off the top part of the port which alters port timing such as Ski-doo R.A.V.E, Yamaha YPVS, Honda RC-Valve, Cagiva C.T.S., Suzuki AETC system or by altering the volume of the exhaust which changes the resonant frequency of the expansion chamber, such as Honda V-TACS system. The result is an engine with better low-speed power without sacrificing high-speed power.

Direct Injection

Main article: Gasoline Direct Injection#In two-stroke engines

Direct injection has considerable advantages in two-stroke engines, eliminating some of the waste and pollution caused by carburetted two-strokes where a proportion of the fuel/air mixture entering the cylinder goes directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port. Two systems are in use, low-pressure air-assisted injection, and high pressure injection.

Two-stroke Diesel engines

Main article: Two stroke diesel

Diesel engines rely solely on the heat of compression for ignition (unlike gasoline engines, which employ a spark plug). Intake is via piston controlled Schneurle porting but combustion gases can exit through conventional exhaust valves located in the cylinder head or through piston porting just above bottom dead center (BDC). Modern two-stroke diesels are all scavenged by forced induction, most usually with a mechanically driven Rootes blower. When extra power is required a form of hybrid turbocharger will be used, with the exhaust-driven components taking over at higher speed.

Lubrication

The common two-stroke engines that consumers regularly come across (such as motorcycles and power tools) cannot use regular sump lubrication, since the crankcase is being used to pump fuel-air mixture into the cylinder. Traditionally, all moving parts of the engine itself (big-ends, little-ends, main-bearings, and piston/ring assemblies) were lubricated by a pre-mixed fuel-oil mixture (at a ratio between 20:1 and 50:1). Increasingly, even small two-stroke engines have pumped lubrication from a separate tank of oil. This is still a total-loss system with the oil being burnt the same as in the older system, but at a lower and more economical rate. It is also cleaner, reducing the problem of oil-fouling of the spark-plugs and coke formation in the cylinder and the exhaust. These pumped systems would be difficult to implement in hand-held two-stroke devices such as chainsaws (which must operate in any attitude) and up to the present time such motors still run on petroil mixture.

All two-stroke engines running on a petroil mix will suffer oil-starvation if forced to turn at speed with the throttle closed, eg motorcycles descending long hills and perhaps when decelerating gradually from high-speed by changing down through the gears. Two-stroke cars (such as those that were popular in Eastern Europe in mid-20th century) were in particular danger and were usually fitted with freewheel mechanisms in the powertrain, allowing the engine to idle when the throttle was closed, requiring the use of the brakes in all slowing down situations.

Reversibility

Large marine two-stroke diesel engines are able to start and run in either direction directly coupled to the propeller. The fuel injection and valve timing is mechanically readjusted by using a different set of cams on the camshaft. Thus the engine can be run in reverse to move the vessel backwards. Mercury Marine's Mark 75 and Mark 78 petrol outboard motors, built from 1957 to 1960, used this system, which they called "direct reversing".

Regular petrol two-stroke engines will run backwards with little problem, and this has been used to provide a "reversing" facility in microcars such as the Messerschmitt KR200 that lacked reverse gearing. Where the vehicle has electric starting, the motor will be turned off and re-started backwards by turning the key in the opposite direction. Pre-electronic ignition systems (eg flywheel magneto) work almost normally in reverse except that the ignition timing is retarded and ATDC instead of BTDC, in practice this is not too noticeable. Two-stroke Golf Carts used a simmilar type of system and would often use the same reversing switch as an electric cart.

Model airplane engines with reed-valves can be mounted in either tractor or pusher configuration without needing to change the propeller. These motors are compression ignition, so there are no ignition timing issue and no difference between running forwards and running backwards.

Reed-valve engines will run backwards just as well as piston-controlled porting, however a rotary valve engine has asymmetrical inlet timing and will not run very well. But running any kind of modern two-stroke engine (eg those in motorcycles) backwards is a risky procedure unless it was designed to do this, since their oil-pumps may not work in reverse, leaving the engine suffering from oil-starvation within a short time. When running backwards the major thrust face of the piston changes sides within the cylinder and the piston skirt and ring design may not be up to the extra stress.

Sources

  1. ^ Suzuki LJ50 INFO
  2. ^ Green Car Congress: Lotus, QUB and Jaguar to Develop Variable Compression Ratio, 2-Stroke OMNIVORE Research Engine
  3. ^ Lotus Engineering Omnivore Variable Compression Ratio Engine to Debut in Geneva
  4. ^ Lotus developing efficient two-stroke OMNIVORE engine - Autoblog
  5. ^ "junkers". Iet.aau.dk. http://www.iet.aau.dk/sec2/junkers.htm. Retrieved on 2009-06-06.
  6. ^ Junkers truck engine 1933.
  7. ^ BHE - Stepped Piston Engine

See also

External links

Heat engines
Stroke cycles One-stroke cycle · Two-stroke cycle · Four-stroke cycle · Six-stroke cycle
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Valves Cylinder head porting · Corliss · D slide · Manifold · Multi · Piston · Poppet · Sleeve · rotary valve · variable valve timing · camless (solenoid operated valves)
Engine configuration Single cylinder · Straight · Opposed · Flat · V · W · H · Deltic · Radial · Rotary · Stelzer · Controlled Combustion · Bourke · Split cycle
Motion mechanisms Cam · Connecting rod · Coomber rotary · Crank · Crank substitute · Crankshaft · Linkages (Evans · Peaucellier-Lipkin · Sector straight-line · Watt) · Scotch Yoke · Rhombic drive · Double acting/differential cylinder
Thermodynamic cycle

Categories: Engine technology | Internal combustion piston engines | Motorcycle engines | Two-stroke engine technology

 

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